# Licences and credits — The Universe (public build) Every file in this folder was audited by `scripts/build-public.mjs` (method: docs/LICENSING.md in the project). Per-file classes are in `licenses.json`. Classes: **PD** public domain / CC0 / US Government / facts · **OWN** made by this project · **BY** attribution licences (CC BY, MIT, BSD, OFL, open data policies granting use with credit) · **SA** share-alike (CC BY-SA) · **GREY** “free use with citation” without a formal licence · **RESTRICTED** none ship. Files by class: PD 1260 · OWN 284 · BY 290 · SA 516 · GREY 471 · RESTRICTED 0. ## Required acknowledgements * This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. Credit: ESA/Gaia/DPAC (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO). * This work used data acquired from the NASA/ESA HST Space Telescope, associated with OPAL program (PI: Simon, GO13937), and archived by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-26555. All maps are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.17909/T9G593. * Based on observations obtained with Planck (http://www.esa.int/Planck), an ESA science mission with instruments and contributions directly funded by ESA Member States, NASA, and Canada. * This research has made use of the NASA Exoplanet Archive, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program. * This research has made use of the VizieR catalogue access tool (DOI 10.26093/cds/vizier) and the SIMBAD database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France. * This publication makes use of data products from the Two Micron All Sky Survey, which is a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation. * This research made use of data obtained from Data ARchives and Transmission System (DARTS), provided by Center for Science-satellite Operation and Data Archive (C-SODA) at ISAS/JAXA. * Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. * Venus cloud texture: Solar System Scope (CC BY 4.0). * Orbital elements: IAU Minor Planet Center. * Satellite catalogue: CelesTrak (T. S. Kelso). * HYG v4.4 star database by David Nash (CC BY-SA 4.0). Constellation figures © Stellarium (CC BY-SA). OpenNGC by Mattia Verga (CC BY-SA 4.0). ## Sources | Source | Used for | Licence | Credit | Class | |---|---|---|---|---| | The Universe app (code, shaders, generated tables) | everything you run | Made by this project | The Universe project | OWN | | Project-made data (procedural Sun, simulations, CAMB runs, timelines, metadata) | Sun texture, Theia impact, cosmology spectra, tours, sidecars | Made by this project | The Universe project | OWN | | Source Serif 4 (subset, renamed “Astro Serif”) | narrative type | [SIL Open Font License 1.1](https://openfontlicense.org) | Frank Grießhammer for Adobe | BY | | three.js | WebGL engine | [MIT](https://opensource.org/license/mit) | three.js authors | BY | | Vite runtime helpers (inline workers) | worker loading | [MIT](https://opensource.org/license/mit) | Vite contributors | BY | | AstroGeo22 Earth–Moon tidal history (Farhat et al. 2022) | Moon distance and day length | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | Farhat, Auclair-Desrotour, Boué & Laskar 2022 | BY | | PALEOMAP PaleoDEMs and Global Plate Model (Scotese & Wright 2018; Scotese 2016) | Earth’s face 0–540 Ma | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | C. R. Scotese & N. Wright | BY | | PaleoMIST 1.0 ice sheets (Gowan et al. 2021) | ice sheets 0–80 ka | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | Gowan et al. 2021 | BY | | Late Pleistocene sea-level stack (Spratt & Lisiecki 2016) | ice-age sea level | [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) | Spratt & Lisiecki 2016 | BY | | NOAA WDS-Paleo: Bintanja & van de Wal 2008 sea level; Zeebe & Lourens 2019/2022 orbital solutions | sea level beyond 798 ka, Milankovitch forcing | Free use with citation (no formal licence) | Bintanja & van de Wal 2008; Zeebe & Lourens 2019, 2022; NOAA NCEI | GREY | | 2MASS (University of Massachusetts and IPAC/Caltech, NASA and NSF) | galaxy photometry | [Public domain (US Government work; NASA media guidelines)](https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/) | 2MASS (UMass, IPAC/Caltech; NASA, NSF) | PD | | CelesTrak satellite catalogue and elements (USSF public catalogue) | Earth satellites | Free use with citation (no formal licence) | CelesTrak (T. 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G. Hart-Davis, G. Piccioni, D. Dettmering, C. Schwatke, M. Passaro, F. Seitz (DGFI-TUM), SEANOE doi:10.17882/79489 | BY | | ERA5 reanalysis (Hersbach et al. 2020) regridded by WeatherBench 2 (Rasp et al. 2024): 6-hourly states, static fields, 1990–2019 climatology. Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2026 | weather model initial states, ERA5 episodes, boundary conditions (worlds/atmos) | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) / ECMWF; Google Research WeatherBench 2 | BY | | NOAA ETOPO 2022 global relief (coastlines and depths of the ocean model) | ocean grid (worlds/ocean) | [Public domain](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/) | NOAA NCEI (doi:10.25921/fd45-gt74) | PD | | eVolv2k v4 volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections (Sigl & Toohey 2024; Toohey & Sigl 2017) | volcanic forcing 500 BCE–1900 (worlds/solid) | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | M. Sigl, M. 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Baumgardt (U. Queensland); Baumgardt & Vasiliev 2021 | GREY | | CDS Strasbourg: VizieR catalogues and SIMBAD (Hipparcos, Tycho-2, BSC5, constellation boundaries, Hunt & Reffert, Green SNRs, HASH, WISE H II, Cosmicflows-4, 2MRS, historical catalogues, …) | clusters, nebulae, galaxies, historical catalogues | [CDS terms: open licence per dataset (CC BY 4.0 or ODbL), cite](https://cds.unistra.fr/legals/) | CDS, Strasbourg; the catalogue authors cited in each sidecar | BY | | 3-D dust map (Edenhofer, Zucker, Frank et al. 2024) | 3-D dust | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | Edenhofer et al. 2024 | BY | | Fermi-LAT all-sky map (NASA GSFC LAT team) via NASA SkyView | gamma-ray band | [Public domain (US Government work; NASA media guidelines)](https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/) | NASA/DOE/Fermi LAT Collaboration; NASA SkyView | PD | | ESA Gaia DR3 (incl. 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Pace | PD | | McGill Online Magnetar Catalog | magnetars (25) | Free use with citation (no formal licence) | Olausen & Kaspi 2014 | GREY | | Solar evolution track (Agrawal 2025, MESA r11701 / MIST physics, Zenodo) | the Sun’s life | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | P. Agrawal (2025), Sample MESA tracks for METISSE | BY | | Open Kilonova Catalog: AT 2017gfo photometry (compiled by Villar et al. 2017) | kilonova light curve | [MIT](https://opensource.org/license/mit) | Guillochon et al. 2017; Villar et al. 2017 and the observing teams | BY | | OpenNGC (NGC/IC and addendum) | deep-sky objects | [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) | Mattia Verga | SA | | ESA Planck PR3 SMICA CMB map and PSZ2 clusters (Planck Legacy Archive) | CMB sky, microwave band, some galaxy clusters | Free use with citation (no formal licence) | Based on observations obtained with Planck (ESA) | GREY | | ROSAT All-Sky Survey 0.1–2.4 keV (MPE) via NASA SkyView | X-ray band | Free use with citation (no formal licence) | Snowden et al. 1997; MPE; NASA SkyView | GREY | | Stellarium sky cultures (constellation figures) | constellation lines | [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) | © Stellarium team; Sky & Telescope figures | SA | | Swift/BAT hard X-ray transient monitor light curves (15–50 keV) | V404 Cyg 2015 outburst | [Public domain (US Government work; NASA media guidelines)](https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/) | Krimm et al. 2013, ApJS 209, 14; the Swift/BAT team (NASA GSFC) | PD | | IAU WGSN star names | star names | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | IAU Working Group on Star Names | BY | | X-ray binary and black-hole compilations (factual, cited) | X-ray binaries, black holes | Free use with citation (no formal licence) | the compilations cited in the layer sidecar | GREY | | SDO/HMI and AIA solar images for the solar telescopes (rendered via Helioviewer.org) | solar telescope views | [Public domain (US Government work; NASA media guidelines)](https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/) | NASA/SDO and the HMI and AIA science teams; Helioviewer.org | PD | ## Share-alike files These files are adaptations of CC BY-SA material and are shared under **CC BY-SA 4.0** (Gaia's CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO permits a later version with the same licence elements). You may reuse them under the same terms, with the credits above. | Files | Share-alike sources | |---|---| | `assets/catalogs/constellations.json` | stellarium | | `assets/catalogs/dso.json` | openngc, gaia | | `assets/catalogs/stars.bin` | hyg, gaia | | `assets/catalogs/stars.json` | hyg, gaia | | `assets/catalogs/stars.names.json` | hyg, gaia | | `assets/catalogs/stars_gcns.bin` | hyg, gaia | | `assets/catalogs/stars_gcns.json` | hyg, gaia | | `assets/catalogs/stars_tide.bin` | hyg, gaia | | `assets/catalogs/stars_tide.json` | hyg, gaia | | `assets/catalogs/stars_v838_field.json` | hyg, gaia | | `assets/galaxy-images/LMC.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/galaxy-images/M101.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/galaxy-images/M104.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/galaxy-images/M106.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/galaxy-images/M31.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/galaxy-images/M33.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/galaxy-images/M51.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/galaxy-images/M63.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/galaxy-images/M64.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/galaxy-images/M74.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/galaxy-images/M81.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/galaxy-images/M82.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/galaxy-images/M83.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/galaxy-images/M87.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/galaxy-images/NGC1232.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/galaxy-images/NGC1300.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/galaxy-images/NGC253.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/galaxy-images/NGC4565.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/galaxy-images/NGC5128.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/galaxy-images/NGC891.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/galaxy-images/SMC.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/lod/_b/cepheids.*` | gaia | | `assets/lod/_b/clusters.open.*` | gaia, openngc | | `assets/lod/_b/compact.bh.*` | gaia | | `assets/lod/_b/compact.xrb.*` | gaia | | `assets/lod/_b/hii.*` | openngc | | `assets/lod/_b/pn.*` | openngc | | `assets/lod/_b/rrlyrae.*` | gaia | | `assets/lod/_b/snr.*` | openngc | | `assets/lod/_b/stars.binaries.*` | gaia | | `assets/lod/_b/stars.gaia.*` | gaia | | `assets/lod/_b/stars.local.*` | gaia, hyg | | `assets/lod/_b/stars.variables.*` | gaia | | `assets/lod/_b/stars.whitedwarfs.*` | gaia | | `assets/lod/_b/wr.*` | gaia | | `assets/lod/cepheids/facts.json` | gaia | | `assets/lod/cepheids/index.json` | gaia | | `assets/lod/clusters.open/facts.json` | gaia, openngc | | `assets/lod/clusters.open/index.json` | gaia, openngc | | `assets/lod/compact.bh/facts.json` | gaia | | `assets/lod/compact.bh/index.json` | gaia | | `assets/lod/compact.xrb/facts.json` | gaia | | `assets/lod/compact.xrb/index.json` | gaia | | `assets/lod/hii/facts.json` | openngc | | `assets/lod/hii/index.json` | openngc | | `assets/lod/pn/facts.json` | openngc | | `assets/lod/pn/index.json` | openngc | | `assets/lod/rrlyrae/index.json` | gaia | | `assets/lod/snr/facts.json` | openngc | | `assets/lod/snr/index.json` | openngc | | `assets/lod/stars.binaries/index.json` | gaia | | `assets/lod/stars.gaia/drawn.json` | gaia | | `assets/lod/stars.gaia/index.json` | gaia | | `assets/lod/stars.local/index.json` | gaia, hyg | | `assets/lod/stars.variables/index.json` | gaia | | `assets/lod/stars.whitedwarfs/index.json` | gaia | | `assets/lod/wr/facts.json` | gaia | | `assets/lod/wr/index.json` | gaia | | `assets/models/67p.glb` | 67p | | `assets/museum/portraits/bell-burnell.jpg` | portraits-sa | | `assets/museum/portraits/genzel.jpg` | portraits-sa | | `assets/museum/portraits/ghez.jpg` | portraits-sa | | `assets/museum/portraits/jansky.jpg` | portraits-sa | | `assets/museum/portraits/mayor.jpg` | portraits-sa | | `assets/museum/portraits/thorne.jpg` | portraits-sa | | `assets/nearby/lmc/card.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/lmc/cepheids.json` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/lmc/depth.json` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/lmc/depth.png` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/lmc/faceon.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/lmc/faceon_alpha.png` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/lmc/gaia_exclude.json` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/lmc/sky.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/lmc/sky_alpha.png` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/lmc/stars_0.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/lmc/stars_0.ext.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/lmc/stars_1.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/lmc/stars_1.ext.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/lmc/stars_2.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/lmc/stars_2.ext.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/lmc/stars_3.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/lmc/stars_3.ext.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/m31/card.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/m31/faceon.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/m31/faceon_alpha.png` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/m31/gaia_members.json` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/m31/sky.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/m31/sky_alpha.png` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/m31/stars_0.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/m31/stars_0.ext.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/m31/stars_1.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/m31/stars_1.ext.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/m31/stars_2.bin.part*` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/m31/stars_2.ext.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/m31/stars_3.bin.part*` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/m31/stars_3.ext.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/m33/card.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/m33/faceon.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/m33/faceon_alpha.png` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/m33/gaia_members.json` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/m33/sky.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/m33/sky_alpha.png` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/m33/stars_0.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/m33/stars_0.ext.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/m33/stars_1.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/m33/stars_1.ext.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/m33/stars_2.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/m33/stars_2.ext.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/m33/stars_3.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/m33/stars_3.ext.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/smc/card.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/smc/cepheids.json` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/smc/depth.json` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/smc/depth.png` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/smc/faceon.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/smc/faceon_alpha.png` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/smc/gaia_exclude.json` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/smc/sky.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/smc/sky_alpha.png` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/smc/stars_0.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/smc/stars_0.ext.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/smc/stars_1.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/smc/stars_1.ext.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/smc/stars_2.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/smc/stars_2.ext.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/smc/stars_3.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nearby/smc/stars_3.ext.bin` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/IC434/card.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/IC434/emission.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/M1/card.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/M1/emission.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/M16/card.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/M16/emission.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/M20/card.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/M20/emission.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/M27/card.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/M27/emission.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/M42/card.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/M42/emission.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/M43/card.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/M43/emission.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/M45/card.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/M45/emission.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/M57/card.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/M57/emission.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/M8/card.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/M8/emission.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/NGC2070/card.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/NGC2070/emission.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/NGC2237/card.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/NGC2237/emission.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/NGC3372/card.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/NGC3372/emission.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/NGC6543/card.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/NGC6543/emission.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/NGC7293/card.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/nebulae/NGC7293/emission.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/sky/milkyway_4k.jpg` | gaia | | `assets/sky/milkyway_8k.jpg` | gaia | ## Grey items (free use with citation; published here with full credit) | Source | Why grey | Replacement | |---|---|---| | IAU Minor Planet Center orbital elements (fallback rows, comets, discovery circumstances) | MPC terms ask for credit but give no formal licence | JPL SBDB (public domain) carries the same orbits for all numbered and nearly all unnumbered objects; a rebuild from SBDB only drops a few recent MPC-only designations (equal) | | Phobos shape model (Willner et al. 2014) via ESA SPICE | ESA/DLR “free use with credit”; the DSK carries no explicit licence | Gaskell or Ernst et al. (2023) Phobos SPC model in NASA PDS SBN (public domain), equal after decimation to 200 k triangles — not fetched (sbnarchive needs a browser) (equal) | | Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program, Volcanoes of the World 5.3 (Holocene volcanoes and eruptions) | Smithsonian Terms of Use: non-commercial use with citation, no open licence | NOAA NCEI Volcano Location and Significant Volcanic Eruptions databases (public domain) cover the volcano list and the largest eruptions | | Baumgardt globular-cluster database v4 | academic database, no explicit licence (factual values, cited) | Vasiliev & Baumgardt 2021 catalogue (CDS/Zenodo, open) covers positions, distances and motions; structural parameters only partly | | Harris (1996, 2010 edition) globular V_t and E(B−V) | no explicit licence (factual values) | Baumgardt/Vasiliev values or drop — two facts per cluster (equal) | | ATNF Pulsar Catalogue (Manchester et al. 2005) | “free to use with citation”, not CC-licensed | none — ATNF is the reference compilation | | McGill Online Magnetar Catalog | “free for scientific use with citation” | none (25 rows of published facts) | | X-ray binary and black-hole compilations (factual, cited) | no explicit licence; factual compilation | HEASARC copies (public domain) cover most rows | | ESA Planck PR3 SMICA CMB map and PSZ2 clusters (Planck Legacy Archive) | ESA PLA “free use with acknowledgement”, no formal licence | WMAP 9-year ILC map (NASA LAMBDA, public domain) is ~12× coarser — not equal | | Haslam et al. 408 MHz all-sky survey via NASA SkyView | survey data, “cite” only | Remazeilles et al. 2015 reprocessed Haslam map on NASA LAMBDA (public) — equal or better (equal) | | IRIS 100 µm (reprocessed IRAS) via NASA SkyView | survey data, “cite” only | SFD/IRAS 100 µm map (NASA LAMBDA, public domain), 6.1′ vs 4.3′ — near-equal (equal) | | ROSAT All-Sky Survey 0.1–2.4 keV (MPE) via NASA SkyView | survey data, “acknowledge SkyView and the survey” | eROSITA-DE DR1 (CC BY 4.0) covers only the western Galactic half — not equal | | 6dF, 2dF, GAMA, DES, Milliquas, HyperLEDA, ZTF, CHIME/FRB public releases | public releases with “free use with acknowledgement/citation”, no formal licence | DESI DR1 + SDSS (CC BY 4.0) carry most rows; dropping these surveys loses the southern 6dF/2dF sky, deep GAMA fields and Milliquas’ completeness — not equal | | WISE × SuperCOSMOS photometric-redshift catalogue (Bilicki et al. 2016), WFAU | WFAU archive: free use with citation, no formal licence | none all-sky of equal depth (Legacy Surveys photo-z covers ~half the sky) | | CelesTrak satellite catalogue and elements (USSF public catalogue) | “free public use, attribution to CelesTrak”, no formal licence | Space-Track (its terms forbid redistribution) — none better | | IAU Meteor Data Center shower list | no explicit licence; public database, “cite” | none (IMO working list is narrower) | | Herschel SPIRE 250 µm HiPS of all public Herschel Science Archive observations (ESAC) | ESA Herschel publishing rules ask for acknowledgement; no formal licence | Spitzer MIPS 160 µm (NASA/IPAC, free use) at ~40" resolution, or the Draine et al. 2014 dust-mass map — coarser or unlicensed | | NOAA WDS-Paleo: Bintanja & van de Wal 2008 sea level; Zeebe & Lourens 2019/2022 orbital solutions | NOAA WDS-Paleo “free use with citation”; author data without a formal licence | La2004 orbital solution (IMCCE) has similar terms — none clearly better | | The 1930s forged “Galileo” manuscript (University of Michigan Library) | Commons tags it PD-old-100 under Galileo’s name; the real maker (a 1930s forger) is not established. It copies public-domain text, so it likely has no copyright of its own — not legally reviewed | none needed — drop the card image for zero grey (equal) | | Six 20th-century museum portraits (Maarten Schmidt, Reber, Payne, Spitzer, Tombaugh, Barish) | public domain on Commons by US publication facts or agency tags that were not verified here: PD-US-1978-89 (Schmidt), PD-USGov-NSF on an NRAO photo (Reber; NRAO now licenses CC BY), Smithsonian Flickr “no known restrictions” (Payne, Spitzer), basis not checked (Tombaugh), and a bare “public domain” on a Fermilab photo by Reidar Hahn (Barish; Fermilab is run by a contractor, not a federal agency, so PD-USGov does not follow) | other Commons portraits under CC BY / CC BY-SA exist for all five; or credit “NRAO/AUI/NSF” for Reber and “Reidar Hahn / Fermilab” for Barish (equal) | | CIE 1931 2° colour-matching functions (via CVRL) | tabulated standard, “free use with citation” | the same functions are published as facts in many sources; only derived LUTs ship (equal) | ## Image credits | File | Title | Credit | Licence | |---|---|---|---| | `galaxy-images/LMC.jpg` | Large Magellanic Cloud | CTIO/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/SMASH/D. Nidever (Montana State University) Acknowledgment: Image processing: Travis Rector (University of Alaska Anchorage), Mahdi Zamani & Davide de Martin (processed: foreground stars removed using Gaia DR3) | CC BY 4.0; star removal with Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) | | `galaxy-images/M101.jpg` | Pinwheel Galaxy | T.A. Rector (University of Alaska Anchorage) and H. Schweiker (WIYN and NOIRLab/NSF/AURA) (processed: foreground stars removed using Gaia DR3) | CC BY 4.0; star removal with Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) | | `galaxy-images/M104.jpg` | Sombrero Galaxy | NASA/ESA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA) (processed: foreground stars removed using Gaia DR3) | CC BY 4.0; star removal with Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) | | `galaxy-images/M106.jpg` | M106 | KPNO/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA Acknowledgment: PI: M.T. Patterson (New Mexico State University) Image processing: T.A. Rector (University of Alaska Anchorage), M. Zamani & D. de Martin (processed: foreground stars removed using Gaia DR3) | CC BY 4.0; star removal with Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) | | `galaxy-images/M31.jpg` | Andromeda Galaxy | Local Group Survey Team and T.A. Rector (University of Alaska Anchorage) (processed: foreground stars removed using Gaia DR3) | CC BY 4.0; star removal with Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) | | `galaxy-images/M33.jpg` | Triangulum Galaxy | Local Group Survey Team and T.A. Rector (University of Alaska Anchorage) (processed: foreground stars removed using Gaia DR3) | CC BY 4.0; star removal with Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) | | `galaxy-images/M51.jpg` | Whirlpool Galaxy | NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI), and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA) (processed: foreground stars removed using Gaia DR3) | CC BY 4.0; star removal with Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) | | `galaxy-images/M63.jpg` | Sunflower Galaxy | KPNO/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/Bruce Hugo and Leslie Gaul/Adam Block (processed: foreground stars removed using Gaia DR3) | CC BY 4.0; star removal with Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) | | `galaxy-images/M64.jpg` | Black Eye Galaxy | ESA/Hubble & NASA, J. Lee and the PHANGS-HST Team Acknowledgement: Judy Schmidt (processed: foreground stars removed using Gaia DR3) | CC BY 4.0; star removal with Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) | | `galaxy-images/M74.jpg` | Phantom Galaxy | International Gemini Observatory/GMOS Commissioning Team (processed: foreground stars removed using Gaia DR3) | CC BY 4.0; star removal with Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) | | `galaxy-images/M81.jpg` | Bode's Galaxy | NASA, ESA and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA). Acknowledgment: A. Zezas and J. Huchra (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics) (processed: foreground stars removed using Gaia DR3) | CC BY 4.0; star removal with Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) | | `galaxy-images/M82.jpg` | Cigar Galaxy | NASA, ESA and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA). Acknowledgment: J. Gallagher (University of Wisconsin), M. Mountain (STScI) and P. Puxley (NSF). (processed: foreground stars removed using Gaia DR3) | CC BY 4.0; star removal with Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) | | `galaxy-images/M83.jpg` | Southern Pinwheel Galaxy | CTIO/NOIRLab/DOE/NSF/AURA Image processing: T.A. Rector (University of Alaska Anchorage/NSF NOIRLab), D. de Martin (NSF NOIRLab) & M. Zamani (NSF NOIRLab) (processed: foreground stars removed using Gaia DR3) | CC BY 4.0; star removal with Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) | | `galaxy-images/M87.jpg` | Virgo A | KPNO/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/Chris Mihos (Case Western Reserve University)/ESO (processed: foreground stars removed using Gaia DR3) | CC BY 4.0; star removal with Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) | | `galaxy-images/NGC1232.jpg` | NGC 1232 | ESO (processed: foreground stars removed using Gaia DR3) | CC BY 4.0; star removal with Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) | | `galaxy-images/NGC1300.jpg` | NGC 1300 | NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA) (processed: foreground stars removed using Gaia DR3) | CC BY 4.0; star removal with Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) | | `galaxy-images/NGC253.jpg` | Sculptor Galaxy | ESO/INAF-VST Acknowledgement: A. Grado/L. Limatola/INAF-Capodimonte Observatory (processed: foreground stars removed using Gaia DR3) | CC BY 4.0; star removal with Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) | | `galaxy-images/NGC4565.jpg` | Needle Galaxy | KPNO/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/Bruce Hugo and Leslie Gaul/Adam Block (processed: foreground stars removed using Gaia DR3) | CC BY 4.0; star removal with Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) | | `galaxy-images/NGC5128.jpg` | Centaurus A | ESO (processed: foreground stars removed using Gaia DR3) | CC BY 4.0; star removal with Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) | | `galaxy-images/NGC891.jpg` | NGC 891 | KPNO/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA Acknowledgments: PI: M.T. Patterson (New Mexico State University) Image processing: Travis Rector (University of Alaska Anchorage), Mahdi Zamani & Davide de Martin (processed: foreground stars removed using Gaia DR3) | CC BY 4.0; star removal with Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) | | `galaxy-images/SMC.jpg` | Small Magellanic Cloud | CTIO/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/SMASH/D. Nidever (Montana State University) Acknowledgment: Image processing: Travis Rector (University of Alaska Anchorage), Mahdi Zamani & Davide de Martin (processed: foreground stars removed using Gaia DR3) | CC BY 4.0; star removal with Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) | | `nebulae/IC434/` | IC 434 and the Horsehead Nebula | T.A. Rector (NOIRLab/NSF/AURA) and Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA/NASA) | CC BY 4.0 (image); Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) and NASA LAMBDA Hα for calibration | | `nebulae/M1/` | Crab Nebula | ESO | CC BY 4.0 (image); Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) and NASA LAMBDA Hα for calibration | | `nebulae/M16/` | Eagle Nebula | ESO | CC BY 4.0 (image); Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) and NASA LAMBDA Hα for calibration | | `nebulae/M20/` | Trifid Nebula | NSF–DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory/NOIRLab/SLAC/AURA | CC BY 4.0 (image); Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) and NASA LAMBDA Hα for calibration | | `nebulae/M27/` | Dumbbell Nebula | T.A. Rector (University of Alaska Anchorage) and H. Schweiker (WIYN and NOIRLab/NSF/AURA) | CC BY 4.0 (image); Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) and NASA LAMBDA Hα for calibration | | `nebulae/M42/` | Orion Nebula | ESO/G. Beccari | CC BY 4.0 (image); Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) and NASA LAMBDA Hα for calibration | | `nebulae/M43/` | De Mairan's Nebula | ESO/G. Beccari | CC BY 4.0 (image); Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) and NASA LAMBDA Hα for calibration | | `nebulae/M45/` | Pleiades reflection nebula | NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/T.A. Rector (University of Alaska Anchorage), R. Cool (University of Arizona) and WIYN | CC BY 4.0 (image); Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) and NASA LAMBDA Hα for calibration | | `nebulae/M57/` | Ring Nebula | NASA, ESA, and C. Robert O’Dell (Vanderbilt University) | CC BY 4.0 (image); Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) and NASA LAMBDA Hα for calibration | | `nebulae/M8/` | Lagoon Nebula | ESO | CC BY 4.0 (image); Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) and NASA LAMBDA Hα for calibration | | `nebulae/NGC2070/` | Tarantula Nebula | ESO/R. Fosbury (ST-ECF) | CC BY 4.0 (image); Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) and NASA LAMBDA Hα for calibration | | `nebulae/NGC2237/` | Rosette Nebula | CTIO/NOIRLab/DOE/NSF/AURA. Image Processing: T.A. Rector (University of Alaska Anchorage/NSF NOIRLab), D. de Martin & M. Zamani (NSF NOIRLab) | CC BY 4.0 (image); Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) and NASA LAMBDA Hα for calibration | | `nebulae/NGC3372/` | Carina Nebula | ESO. Acknowledgement: VPHAS+ Consortium/Cambridge Astronomical Survey Unit | CC BY 4.0 (image); Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) and NASA LAMBDA Hα for calibration | | `nebulae/NGC6543/` | Cat's Eye Nebula | Nordic Optical Telescope and Romano Corradi (Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes, Spain) | CC BY 4.0 (image); Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) and NASA LAMBDA Hα for calibration | | `nebulae/NGC7293/` | Helix Nebula | ESO | CC BY 4.0 (image); Gaia DR3 (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) and NASA LAMBDA Hα for calibration | | `textures/callisto/photo.jpg` | Global Callisto in colour | NASA/JPL/DLR (PIA03456) | Public domain (NASA) | | `textures/ceres/photo.jpg` | Ceres in colour | NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA (PIA21079) | Public domain (NASA) | | `textures/charon/photo.jpg` | Charon in enhanced colour | NASA/JHU Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute (PIA19968) | Public domain (NASA) | | `textures/earth/photo.jpg` | The Blue Marble | NASA Johnson Space Center (AS17-148-22727) | Public domain (NASA) | | `textures/enceladus/photo.jpg` | Enceladus, southern hemisphere | NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute (PIA07800) | Public domain (NASA) | | `textures/europa/photo.jpg` | Europa’s surface | NASA/JPL-Caltech/SETI Institute (PIA19048) | Public domain (NASA) | | `textures/ganymede/photo.jpg` | Ganymede, natural colour | NASA/JPL (PIA00716) | Public domain (NASA) | | `textures/io/photo.jpg` | Global image of Io | NASA/JPL/University of Arizona (PIA02308) | Public domain (NASA) | | `textures/jupiter/photo.jpg` | Cassini Jupiter portrait | NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute (PIA04866) | Public domain (NASA) | | `textures/mars/photo.jpg` | Mars 2003 | NASA/JPL/Malin Space Science Systems (PIA04591) | Public domain (NASA) | | `textures/mercury/photo.jpg` | Mercury, departing view | NASA/JHU Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington (PIA11245) | Public domain (NASA) | | `textures/mimas/photo.jpg` | Mimas and Herschel crater | NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute (PIA12570) | Public domain (NASA) | | `textures/moon/photo.jpg` | The full Moon from Apollo 11 | NASA Johnson Space Center (AS11-44-6667) | Public domain (NASA) | | `textures/neptune/photo.jpg` | Neptune, full disc | NASA/JPL (PIA01492) | Public domain (NASA) | | `textures/pluto/photo.jpg` | Colour image of Pluto | NASA/JHU Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute (PIA20291) | Public domain (NASA) | | `textures/saturn/photo.jpg` | The greatest Saturn portrait | NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute (PIA06193) | Public domain (NASA) | | `textures/sun/photo.jpg` | The Sun in white light with sunspot group AR 12192 | NASA/SDO and the HMI science team, via Helioviewer.org (SDO/HMI continuum 2014-10-24 12:00 UT) | Public domain (NASA) | | `textures/titan/photo.jpg` | Hazy orange orb | NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute (PIA14602) | Public domain (NASA) | | `textures/triton/photo.jpg` | Global colour mosaic of Triton | NASA/JPL/USGS (PIA00317) | Public domain (NASA) | | `textures/uranus/photo.jpg` | Uranus from Voyager 2 | NASA/JPL-Caltech (PIA18182) | Public domain (NASA) | | `textures/venus/photo.jpg` | Venus from Mariner 10 | NASA/JPL-Caltech (PIA23791) | Public domain (NASA) | | `textures/vesta/photo.jpg` | Full view of Vesta | NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA (PIA15678) | Public domain (NASA) | | `museum/portraits/barish.jpg` | Barry Barish | Reidar Hahn / Fermilab, 2005. Public domain per Wikimedia Commons, basis not stated (grey, see above). | Public domain per Commons (basis not verified) | | `museum/portraits/bell-burnell.jpg` | Jocelyn Bell Burnell | Victoria, 2026-09-22. CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. | [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0) | | `museum/portraits/bessel.jpg` | Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel | Johann Eduard Wolff, 1834. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `museum/portraits/cannon.jpg` | Annie Jump Cannon | New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper, 1922. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `museum/portraits/caroline-herschel.jpg` | Caroline Herschel | Ölgemälde: Melchior Gommar Tieleman; Foto des gemeinfreien Gemäldes: unbekannt. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `museum/portraits/chandrasekhar.jpg` | Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar | Startchild Project NASA, 2018-11-01. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `museum/portraits/copernicus.jpg` | Nicolaus Copernicus | Unknown author, circa 1580. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `museum/portraits/eddington.jpg` | Arthur Stanley Eddington | George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `museum/portraits/einstein.jpg` | Albert Einstein | Ferdinand Schmutzer / Adam Cuerden, 1921 (ref.). Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `museum/portraits/fleming.jpg` | Williamina Fleming | Unknown author, circa 1890s. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `museum/portraits/fraunhofer.jpg` | Joseph von Fraunhofer | Unknown author, scanned Okt. 2008; original 1787-1826. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `museum/portraits/galileo.jpg` | Galileo Galilei | Justus Sustermans, circa 1640. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `museum/portraits/genzel.jpg` | Reinhard Genzel | MPE, 2012-01-24. CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons. | [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) | | `museum/portraits/ghez.jpg` | Andrea Ghez | BorderlineRebel, 2019-04-16. CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. | [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0) | | `museum/portraits/giacconi.jpg` | Riccardo Giacconi | Unknown. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `museum/portraits/hale.jpg` | George Ellery Hale | Unknown author. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `museum/portraits/halzen.jpg` | Francis Halzen | infn.it, 2025-10-01. CC0-1.0, via Wikimedia Commons. | [CC0 1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en) | | `museum/portraits/hewish.jpg` | Antony Hewish | Willy Pragher / Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg, 1976. CC BY 3.0 DE (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/de/deed.en), via Wikimedia Commons. | [CC BY 3.0 DE](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/de/deed.en) | | `museum/portraits/hubble.jpg` | Edwin Hubble | Johan Hagemeyer, 1931. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `museum/portraits/huygens.jpg` | Christiaan Huygens | Bernard Vaillant, 1686. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `museum/portraits/jansky.jpg` | Karl Guthe Jansky | The original uploader was Saber1983 at English Wikipedia, 27 July 2008 (original upload date). CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons. | [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/) | | `museum/portraits/kepler.jpg` | Johannes Kepler | August Köhler [1], 1910, cf. Steven N. Shore, Václav Pavlík, arXiv:2108.02213. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `museum/portraits/le-verrier.jpg` | Urbain Le Verrier | Unknown author (Commons upload of a Wikipedia file by Magnus Manske, 2006). Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `museum/portraits/leavitt.jpg` | Henrietta Swan Leavitt | William Henry (credited in The Woman Citizen), 4 June 1921. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `museum/portraits/maarten-schmidt.jpg` | Maarten Schmidt | Unknown author, 1978. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain per Commons (basis not verified) | | `museum/portraits/margaret-burbidge.jpg` | Margaret Burbidge | Michael Webb, 1971-10-18. CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) | | `museum/portraits/mayor.jpg` | Michel Mayor | Franck Schneider, 2004-04-22. CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons. | [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) | | `museum/portraits/messier.jpg` | Charles Messier | Ansiaux (1729—1786) (attributed), circa 1770. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `museum/portraits/newton.jpg` | Isaac Newton | Godfrey Kneller, 1689. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `museum/portraits/payne.jpg` | Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin | Smithsonian Institution / Science Service, restored by Adam Cuerden. Public domain per Smithsonian Flickr “no known restrictions” (grey, see above), via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain per Commons (basis not verified) | | `museum/portraits/penzias.jpg` | Arno Penzias | Willy Pragher / Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg, 1982. CC BY 3.0 DE (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/de/deed.en), via Wikimedia Commons. | [CC BY 3.0 DE](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/de/deed.en) | | `museum/portraits/queloz.jpg` | Didier Queloz | M.McCaughrean (ESA)/ESO, 2012-10-17. CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) | | `museum/portraits/reber.jpg` | Grote Reber | NRAO, Uploaded 2006. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain per Commons (basis not verified) | | `museum/portraits/roman.jpg` | Nancy Grace Roman | NASA, 2015-05-13. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `museum/portraits/rosse.jpg` | William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse | Maull and Polyblank, About 1859. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `museum/portraits/rubin.jpg` | Vera Rubin | NOIRLab/NSF/AURA, 1972. CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) | | `museum/portraits/rw-wilson.jpg` | Robert Woodrow Wilson | Victor R. Ruiz from Arinaga, Canary Islands, Spain, 2016-06-27 16:44. CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons. | [CC BY 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0) | | `museum/portraits/spitzer.jpg` | Lyman Spitzer | NASA APPEL Knowledge Services, Taken on 1 January 1960. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain per Commons (basis not verified) | | `museum/portraits/thorne.jpg` | Kip Thorne | Keenan Pepper, 2007-08-17. CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons. | [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) | | `museum/portraits/tombaugh.jpg` | Clyde Tombaugh | Unknown author, circa 1930. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain per Commons (basis not verified) | | `museum/portraits/tycho.jpg` | Tycho Brahe | Unknown author, 1596. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `museum/portraits/weiss.jpg` | Rainer Weiss | Bengt Nyman from Vaxholm, Sweden, 2017-12-07 10:53. CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons. | [CC BY 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0) | | `museum/portraits/william-herschel.jpg` | William Herschel | Lemuel Francis Abbott, 1785. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/al-sufi-andromeda` | Andromeda (al-Marʾa al-Musalsala), from the Book of Fixed Stars | After ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ṣūfī, 1009–10 (AH 400). Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford, MS. Marsh 144. CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) | | `history/images/bayer-orion-1603` | Orion, Uranometria plate | Johann Bayer, 1603. Uranometria (Augsburg, 1603); reproduction on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/beer-madler-1834` | Mappa Selenographica, section I | Wilhelm Beer and Johann Heinrich Mädler, 1834. Reproduction on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/bond-orion-1865` | The Nebula in Orion, 1859–1863 | G. P. Bond, 1859–1863, engraved by J. W. Watts (Annals HCO 5, 1867); impression in Holden 1882, University of California Libraries via the Internet Archive. Public domain. | Public domain | | `history/images/bremiker-hora-xxi` | Berliner Akademische Sternkarte, Hora XXI | Carl Bremiker, 1845. Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), archive. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/carrington-flare-1859` | Sunspot group with the white-light flare, 1 Sep 1859 | Richard Christopher Carrington, 1 Sep 1859. Monthly Notices of the RAS 20 (1859); reproduction on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/cassini-moon-1679` | Carte de la Lune | Giovanni Domenico Cassini, 1679. Low-resolution reproduction on Wikimedia Commons (original: Observatoire de Paris). Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/cellarius-copernican` | Scenographia Systematis Copernicani | Andreas Cellarius, 1660. Harmonia Macrocosmica (Amsterdam: Jansonius, 1660); reproduction on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/cellarius-ptolemaic` | Hypothesis Ptolemaica | Andreas Cellarius, 1660. Harmonia Macrocosmica (Amsterdam: Jansonius, 1660); reproduction on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/cheonsang-yeolcha` | Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido (Korean planisphere), woodblock print | Unknown Joseon printer, after the court astronomers' stele of 1395, 16th or 18th century (print; date uncertain). Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies, Seoul National University. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/cook-green-venus-1769` | The transit of Venus at Tahiti, 3 June 1769 | James Cook and Charles Green, 1769 (published 1771). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 61 (1771); reproduction on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/draper-moon-1840` | The Moon, daguerreotype | John William Draper, 26 Mar 1840. Reproduction via the American Philosophical Society / "Getting Visual History" archive (see sidecar). Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/draper-orion-1880` | The Orion Nebula, first photograph | Henry Draper, 30 Sep 1880. Reproduction via the American Institute of Physics (see sidecar). Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/dunhuang-atlas-complete` | Dunhuang star atlas (whole scroll) | Unknown Tang-dynasty astronomer, c. AD 649–684. British Library, Or.8210/S.3326. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/dunhuang-star-chart` | Dunhuang star chart (polar section) | Unknown Tang-dynasty astronomer, c. AD 649–684. British Library, Or.8210/S.3326. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/earthrise-1968` | Earthrise (AS08-14-2383) | William Anders, 24 Dec 1968. NASA, AS08-14-2383. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/eddington-1919-plate` | The total solar eclipse of 29 May 1919 (Sobral negative) | F. W. Dyson, A. S. Eddington & C. Davidson (expedition); glass copy in Heidelberg, 29 May 1919. Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl; image ESO (potw1926a). CC BY 4.0 (ESO/Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl/F. W. Dyson, A. S. Eddington, & C. Davidson), via Wikimedia Commons. | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) | | `history/images/eddington-1919-positive` | Plate 1 of Dyson, Eddington & Davidson (1920) | F. W. Dyson, A. S. Eddington & C. Davidson, 1919 (published 1920). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 220 (1920); reproduction on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/eht-m87-2019` | The shadow of the black hole in M87 | Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, 10 Apr 2019 (data April 2017). Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration / ESO. CC BY 4.0 (EHT Collaboration), via Wikimedia Commons. | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) | | `history/images/flamsteed-atlas-1776` | Plate from the Atlas Coelestis (Fortin edition) | John Flamsteed, 1776. Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/flamsteed-orion-1729` | Orion, Atlas Coelestis | John Flamsteed, 1729. Atlas Coelestis (London, 1729); reproduction on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/galileo-forged-manuscript` | A forged "Galileo" draft letter and Jupiter notes | Forgery, 1930s (attributed to Tobia Nicotra); purports to be by Galileo Galilei, 1930s (purports to be Aug 1609 / Jan 1610). University of Michigan Library, Special Collections Research Center. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/galileo-moon-washes` | The Moon, six ink-wash drawings | Galileo Galilei, Nov–Dec 1609. Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze, Ms. Gal. 48, f. 28r. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/harriot-moon-1609` | The Moon, 26 July 1609 (Old Style) | Thomas Harriot, 26 Jul 1609 (O.S.). Petworth House Archives (Lord Egremont), HMC 241/9. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/harriot-moon-map` | Map of the full Moon | Thomas Harriot, c. 1610–12. Petworth House Archives (Lord Egremont), HMC 241/9. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/herschel-galaxy-1785` | Section of the sidereal system from star gauges | William Herschel, 1785. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 75 (1785); reproduction on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/hevelius-moon-1647` | Map of the full Moon, Selenographia | Johannes Hevelius, 1647. Selenographia (Gdańsk, 1647); scan reproduced on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/hevelius-orion-1690` | Orion, Firmamentum Sobiescianum | Johannes Hevelius, 1690. Firmamentum Sobiescianum, sive Uranographia (Gdańsk, 1690), plate QQ; a coloured copy offered by Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps (Commons source). Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/hevelius-scorpius-1690` | Scorpius, Firmamentum Sobiescianum | Johannes Hevelius, 1690. Firmamentum Sobiescianum (Gdańsk, 1690); reproduction on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/hodierna-m42` | The Orion Nebula region | Giovanni Battista Hodierna, before 1654. Reproduction on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/hubble-1929-diagram` | Velocity–distance relation among extra-galactic nebulae (Fig. 1) | Edwin Hubble, 1929. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 15 (1929); reproduction on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/huygens-saturn-phases` | Aspects of Saturn as reported by earlier observers | Christiaan Huygens, 1659. Systema Saturnium (The Hague, 1659); scan reproduced on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/huygens-systema-saturnium` | Saturn's ring seen from Earth at different points of its orbit | Christiaan Huygens, 1659. Systema Saturnium (The Hague, 1659); scan reproduced on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/kepler-mysterium-1596` | The planetary spheres nested in the Platonic solids | Johannes Kepler, 1596. Mysterium cosmographicum (Tübingen, 1596); reproduction on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/kepler-nova-1606` | The new star in the foot of Ophiuchus | Johannes Kepler, 1606. De stella nova in pede Serpentarii (Prague, 1606); reproduction on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/leavitt-1912-figure` | Period–magnitude relation of 25 Cepheids in the SMC (Fig. 2) | Henrietta Swan Leavitt, 3 Mar 1912. Harvard College Observatory Circular 173 (1912); reproduction on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/lowell-mars-canals` | Drawings of Mars with canals | Percival Lowell, before 1914. Reproduction on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/lowell-mars-map-1896` | Map of Mars | Percival Lowell, 1896. Reproduction on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/messier-orion-1771` | The Orion Nebula | Charles Messier, 1771. Reproduction on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/nebra-disc` | The Nebra sky disc | Bronze Age makers (Únětice culture); photograph by Shonagon (Wikimedia Commons), released under CC0, c. 1600 BC (disc); 12 Apr 2025 (photograph). Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte (State Museum of Prehistory), Halle (Saale). CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. | [CC0 1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en) | | `history/images/pale-blue-dot-1990` | Pale Blue Dot (PIA00452) | NASA/JPL, Voyager 1, 14 Feb 1990. NASA/JPL, PIA00452. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/pluto-discovery-plates` | Pluto discovery plates, 23 and 29 January 1930 (details) | Clyde Tombaugh, Jan 1930. Lowell Observatory Archives, Flagstaff. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/riccioli-moon-1651` | Lunar map with the new nomenclature | Francesco Maria Grimaldi (drawing) and Giovanni Battista Riccioli, 1651. Almagestum novum (Bologna, 1651); scan reproduced on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/roberts-m31-1888` | The Great Nebula in Andromeda | Isaac Roberts, 29 Dec 1888. Reproduction on Wikimedia Commons (from A Selection of Photographs of Stars, Star-clusters and Nebulae, 1893). Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/romer-io-log` | Observations of the first satellite of Jupiter (Io), Paris | Ole Rømer, 1668–1677. Facsimile in K. Meyer (1915), Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter, 7. Række, naturvid. og math. Afd. XII.3. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/rosse-m51-1845` | The spiral nebula M51 | William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse, 1845. Reproduction on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/rutherfurd-moon-1865` | The Moon | Lewis Morris Rutherfurd, 4 Mar 1865. George Eastman Museum, Rochester, 1989.0403.0001. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/schiaparelli-mars-1888` | Map of Mars, 1888 | Giovanni Schiaparelli, 4 Jun 1888. Reproduction on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/schiaparelli-mars-maps` | Maps of Mars from the oppositions of 1877–1888 | Giovanni Schiaparelli, 1877–1888. Reproduction on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/sidereus-1610-jan07` | Jupiter and the Medicean stars, 7 Jan 1610 — Sidereus Nuncius | Galileo Galilei, March 1610 (observed 7 Jan 1610). Smithsonian Libraries (Dibner Library), Sidereus Nuncius (Venice: Baglioni, 1610), f. 17r. Public domain, via the Internet Archive (Sidereusnuncius00Gali). | Public domain | | `history/images/sidereus-1610-jan08` | Jupiter and the Medicean stars, 8 Jan 1610 — Sidereus Nuncius | Galileo Galilei, March 1610 (observed 8 Jan 1610). Smithsonian Libraries (Dibner Library), Sidereus Nuncius (Venice: Baglioni, 1610), f. 17v. Public domain, via the Internet Archive (Sidereusnuncius00Gali). | Public domain | | `history/images/sidereus-1610-jan10` | Jupiter and the Medicean stars, 10 Jan 1610 — Sidereus Nuncius | Galileo Galilei, March 1610 (observed 10 Jan 1610). Smithsonian Libraries (Dibner Library), Sidereus Nuncius (Venice: Baglioni, 1610), f. 17v. Public domain, via the Internet Archive (Sidereusnuncius00Gali). | Public domain | | `history/images/sidereus-1610-jan11` | Jupiter and the Medicean stars, 11 Jan 1610 — Sidereus Nuncius | Galileo Galilei, March 1610 (observed 11 Jan 1610). Smithsonian Libraries (Dibner Library), Sidereus Nuncius (Venice: Baglioni, 1610), f. 18r. Public domain, via the Internet Archive (Sidereusnuncius00Gali). | Public domain | | `history/images/sidereus-1610-jan12` | Jupiter and the Medicean stars, 12 Jan 1610, third hour — Sidereus Nuncius | Galileo Galilei, March 1610 (observed 12 Jan 1610, third hour). Smithsonian Libraries (Dibner Library), Sidereus Nuncius (Venice: Baglioni, 1610), f. 18v. Public domain, via the Internet Archive (Sidereusnuncius00Gali). | Public domain | | `history/images/sidereus-1610-jan13` | Jupiter and the Medicean stars, 13 Jan 1610 — Sidereus Nuncius | Galileo Galilei, March 1610 (observed 13 Jan 1610). Smithsonian Libraries (Dibner Library), Sidereus Nuncius (Venice: Baglioni, 1610), f. 18v. Public domain, via the Internet Archive (Sidereusnuncius00Gali). | Public domain | | `history/images/sidereus-1610-jan15a` | Jupiter and the Medicean stars, 15 Jan 1610, third hour — Sidereus Nuncius | Galileo Galilei, March 1610 (observed 15 Jan 1610, third hour). Smithsonian Libraries (Dibner Library), Sidereus Nuncius (Venice: Baglioni, 1610), f. 18v. Public domain, via the Internet Archive (Sidereusnuncius00Gali). | Public domain | | `history/images/sidereus-1610-jan15b` | Jupiter and the Medicean stars, 15 Jan 1610, seventh hour — Sidereus Nuncius | Galileo Galilei, March 1610 (observed 15 Jan 1610, seventh hour). Smithsonian Libraries (Dibner Library), Sidereus Nuncius (Venice: Baglioni, 1610), f. 19r. Public domain, via the Internet Archive (Sidereusnuncius00Gali). | Public domain | | `history/images/sidereus-medicean-stars` | Observations of the Medicean stars, from Sidereus Nuncius | Galileo Galilei, March 1610. History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/sidereus-nuncius-moon` | The crescent Moon, from Sidereus Nuncius | Galileo Galilei, March 1610. Smithsonian Libraries (scan via Internet Archive, Sidereusnuncius00Gali). Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/su-song-star-map` | Star map from Xin Yixiang Fayao | Su Song, 1092 (printed edition). Reproduction after Needham, Science and Civilisation in China vol. 3 (Wikimedia Commons). Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/trouvelot-jupiter-1880` | The planet Jupiter, observed 1 Nov 1880 | Étienne Léopold Trouvelot, 1880 (published 1881–82). New York Public Library. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/trouvelot-mare-humorum` | Mare Humorum | Étienne Léopold Trouvelot, 1881–82. Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, Bentonville, 2006.48.6. CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. | [CC0 1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en) | | `history/images/trouvelot-mars-1877` | The planet Mars, observed 3 Sep 1877 | Étienne Léopold Trouvelot, 1877 (published 1881–82). New York Public Library. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/trouvelot-orion` | The great nebula in Orion | Étienne Léopold Trouvelot, 1875–76 (published 1881–82). The Trouvelot Astronomical Drawings (Scribner, 1882); copy offered by Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps (Commons source). Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/trouvelot-saturn` | The planet Saturn | Étienne Léopold Trouvelot, 1881–82. Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, Bentonville, 2006.48.10. CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. | [CC0 1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en) | | `history/images/tycho-nova-1573` | The new star in Cassiopeia | Tycho Brahe, 1573. De nova stella (Copenhagen, 1573); reproduction on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | | `history/images/wright-original-theory` | Plate XXXI: systems of stars | Thomas Wright, 1750. An Original Theory or New Hypothesis of the Universe (London, 1750); reproduction on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. | Public domain | ## Third-party code and type ### three.js (MIT) ``` The MIT License Copyright © 2010-2025 three.js authors Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. 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This license is copied below, and is also available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL ----------------------------------------------------------- SIL OPEN FONT LICENSE Version 1.1 - 26 February 2007 ----------------------------------------------------------- PREAMBLE The goals of the Open Font License (OFL) are to stimulate worldwide development of collaborative font projects, to support the font creation efforts of academic and linguistic communities, and to provide a free and open framework in which fonts may be shared and improved in partnership with others. The OFL allows the licensed fonts to be used, studied, modified and redistributed freely as long as they are not sold by themselves. The fonts, including any derivative works, can be bundled, embedded, redistributed and/or sold with any software provided that any reserved names are not used by derivative works. The fonts and derivatives, however, cannot be released under any other type of license. 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